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The mass counteracts the torsional crank motions and in concert with the energy dissipating element absorbs the harmonics vibrations.Īn OEM damper consists of an outer mass bonded/vulcanized to an inner hub. Most often made of rubber, this element may be composed of a synthetic elastomer, a clutch, a spring or fluid.
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The damper is composed of two elements: an inertia mass and an energy dissipating element. The harmonic balancer helps minimize torsional crankshaft harmonics and resonance. In some cases the resonance may stress the crankshaft to the point of cracking or complete failure.Ĭountering torsional crank motion and harmonic vibration In some engines, the torsional motion of the crankshaft at certain speeds can synchronize with the harmonic vibrations, causing a resonance. These harmonics are a function of many factors including frequencies created by the actual combustion and the natural frequencies the metals make under the stresses of combustion and flexing. Harmonic vibrations result from the torsional motion imparted on the crankshaft. The rod journal deflects in a torsional motion to some degree under this force. Torsional crankshaft movement and harmonics Įach time a cylinder fires, the force of the combustion is imparted to the crankshaft rod journal. However, at certain crankshaft rotational speeds, such winding can overlap with the crankshaft's natural resonant frequency, thereby increasing the frequency's amplitude and possibly leading to crankshaft damage. This crankshaft winding will usually be damped out naturally. Impulses applied to the crankshaft by the connecting rods will "wind" this spring, which will respond (as a spring–mass system) by unwinding and re-winding in the opposite direction. With or without the presence of a damper, a crankshaft will act as a torsional spring to some extent. Modern (roughly 1988+) DOHC, SOHC flat 4, flat 6, flat 8, and flat-plane V8 have no need for this device. The engine's tune especially in computer controlled applications can have a dramatic effect on durability, the aggressiveness of the tune puts the engine at risk of detonation which can be catastrophic to all rotating assembly components. The need for a damper will depend on the age of the engine design, its manufacture, strength of components, usable powerband, rev range and, most importantly, the quality of the engine's tune. 5 Engine design, materials & other factors.3 Countering torsional crank motion and harmonic vibration.2 Torsional crankshaft movement and harmonics.
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The harmonic balancer often serves as a pulley for the accessory drive belts turning the alternator, water pump and other crankshaft driven devices.
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Dampers are designed with a specific weight (mass) and diameter, which are dependent on the damping material/method used, to reduce mechanical Q factor, or damp, crankshaft resonances.Ī harmonic balancer (sometimes called crankshaft damper, torsional damper, or vibration damper) is the same thing as a harmonic damper except that the balancer includes a counterweight to externally balance the rotating assembly. Harmonics and torsional vibrations can greatly reduce crankshaft life, or cause instantaneous failure if the crankshaft runs at or through an amplified resonance. It is essential on engines with long crankshafts (such as straight-six or straight-eight engines) and V8 engines with cross plane cranks, or V6 and straight-three engines with uneven firing order. An interference fit ensures the device moves in perfect step with crankshaft. This device must be interference fit to the crankshaft in order to operate in an effective manner.
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Harmonic balancer lower pulley on a four-cylinder engineĪ harmonic damper is a device fitted to the free (accessory drive) end of the crankshaft of an internal combustion engine to counter torsional and resonance vibrations from the crankshaft.